What Are GLP-1 Agonists?
GLP-1 (short for glucagon-like peptide-1) is a hormone produced in the intestine that plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels, appetite, and gastric emptying (how quickly food moves from your stomach to your small intestine).
GLP-1 receptor agonists mimic this hormone, triggering similar effects in the body.
Common GLP-1 Medications
GLP-1 agonists are FDA-approved for treating type 2 diabetes and, in some cases, weight loss. Here are some of the most widely used options:
- Semaglutide – Found in Ozempic, Wegovy, and Rybelsus
- Liraglutide – Available as Victoza (for diabetes) and Saxenda (for weight loss)
- Dulaglutide – Known as Trulicity
- Exenatide – Marketed as Byetta and Bydureon BCise
- Tirzepatide – Sold as Mounjaro and Zepbound
- Lixisenatide – Found in Adlyxin
- Compounded Versions – Available at LookMeds
Some of these, like Ozempic, are approved for diabetes treatment, while others, like Wegovy and Saxenda, are designed specifically for weight loss.
Tirzepatide (Mounjaro, Zepbound) is unique because it combines GLP-1 with GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide), enhancing its effects on weight loss and blood sugar control.
The compounded versions of these medications are more affordable and customized based on users' needs.
How Do GLP-1 Agonists Promote Weight Loss?
GLP-1 medications do more than just manage blood sugar—they play a direct role in weight loss by targeting key mechanisms in the body. Here’s how they help:
Increasing Satiety and Reducing Appetite
GLP-1 agonists work in the brain to change appetite. They interact with appetite-regulating centers, helping you feel full faster and stay satisfied longer. This means you're less likely to snack mindlessly or overeat, making it easier to maintain a calorie deficit.
Slowing Gastric Emptying
Normally, food moves from your stomach to your intestines at a steady pace. But GLP-1 agonists hit the brakes, slowing down this process. As a result, you stay full longer after meals, reducing the urge to eat frequently.
This not only helps with portion control but also stabilizes blood sugar levels, preventing spikes and crashes that lead to cravings.
Enhancing Insulin Secretion & Reducing Glucagon
GLP-1 encourages the pancreas to release just the right amount of insulin while keeping glucagon (a hormone that raises blood sugar) in check. Stable blood sugar levels help prevent energy dips and the subsequent urge to overeat, especially carb-heavy, sugar-laden comfort foods.
Changing Food Preferences
Interestingly, some studies suggest that GLP-1 agonists might actually rewire food cravings. Many users report a reduced interest in high-calorie, fatty, or sugary foods—things that once seemed irresistible suddenly lose their appeal.
Possibly Boosting Energy Expenditure
While GLP-1 medications primarily aid weight loss by reducing calorie intake, emerging research suggests that they might also have a slight effect on energy expenditure.
Some studies suggest they could increase brown fat activity, which burns calories to generate heat. While this isn’t the main mechanism, every little bit helps!
Supporting Long-Term Weight Management
Unlike crash diets or quick fixes, GLP-1 medications help create sustainable weight loss by changing the way your body regulates hunger and metabolism.
Combined with a balanced diet and physical activity, they can be a powerful tool for maintaining a healthier weight in the long run.
How Effective Are GLP-1 Agonists for Weight Loss?
Clinical trials have shown that GLP-1 medications can lead to significant weight loss when combined with lifestyle changes like diet and exercise.
These medications work by mimicking the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) hormone. This hormone helps regulate appetite, slow gastric emptying, and improve insulin sensitivity, all of which contribute to weight loss.
Weight Loss Results from Clinical Trials
For individuals with obesity (BMI of 30+) or overweight (BMI over 27 with related health conditions), these results can be life-changing.
The ability to lose 15–22% of body weight can lead to significant improvements in metabolic health, including lower blood pressure, reduced risk of type 2 diabetes, and better heart health.
Additional Health Benefits of GLP-1 Medications
Beyond weight loss, GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) provide a range of health benefits that can improve overall well-being:
Cardiovascular Protection—Some GLP-1 medications, such as semaglutide and liraglutide, have been shown to lower the risk of heart disease, stroke, and heart failure. They can help reduce inflammation, improve blood vessel function, and lower the chances of cardiovascular events in high-risk individuals.
Improved Blood Pressure & Cholesterol—Many users experience lower blood pressure and improved lipid levels, including reduced LDL ("bad" cholesterol) and increased HDL ("good" cholesterol), contributing to better heart health.
Blood Sugar Control & Insulin Sensitivity—Originally designed for diabetes management, GLP-1 drugs help regulate blood sugar levels by increasing insulin secretion and slowing glucose absorption. This can prevent spikes and crashes in blood sugar, leading to more stable energy levels.
Appetite & Craving Control—GLP-1 medications work on the brain’s appetite centers, reducing cravings for unhealthy foods. This can lead to better dietary choices and a lower risk of obesity-related complications.
Kidney Health—These medications may protect kidney function by reducing protein leakage in urine (albuminuria) and lowering the risk of kidney disease progression in people with diabetes and high blood pressure.
Potential Benefits for Fatty Liver Disease—Research suggests GLP-1 drugs may help manage non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by reducing liver fat accumulation and inflammation, which could lower the risk of liver damage and cirrhosis.
Neuroprotective Effects—Emerging studies indicate that GLP-1 medications might have brain-protective benefits, potentially reducing the risk of Alzheimer’s disease and cognitive decline by decreasing inflammation and promoting healthy brain function.
Gastrointestinal Health—By slowing gastric emptying, GLP-1 drugs can help with acid reflux and gastroparesis, leading to fewer digestive discomforts and better nutrient absorption.
While these benefits are promising, individual results may vary, and it's always best to consult a healthcare provider before starting GLP-1 medications to understand how they fit into your health plan.
Side Effects of GLP-1 Agonists
Like all medications, GLP-1 receptor agonists can cause side effects.
Common Side Effects
- Nausea
- Diarrhea
- Constipation
- Abdominal pain
- Dizziness
- Fatigue
These are usually mild and improve as the body adjusts.
More Serious Risks
- Pancreatitis—Inflammation of the pancreas, a rare but serious complication.
- Gallbladder Issues—Increased risk of gallstones and cholecystitis.
- Thyroid Cancer Concerns – GLP-1 medications carry a warning about medullary thyroid cancer, though the actual risk in humans is unclear.
- Hypoglycemia—When combined with other diabetes medications, there is a risk of low blood sugar.
These medications are not recommended for individuals with a history of pancreatitis, thyroid cancer, or multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type 2 (MEN2).
Who Is Eligible for GLP-1 Weight Loss Medications?
GLP-1 agonists may be prescribed for weight loss if you meet the following criteria:
- Body Mass Index of 30+ (classified as obese)
- BMI of 27+ with weight-related conditions (such as high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, or sleep apnea)
They are not typically prescribed for people who are not overweight or don’t have obesity-related health issues.
Click here to find out if you qualify
Getting Started with GLP-1 Medications
If you’re considering a GLP-1 weight loss drug, talk to a healthcare provider to determine if it’s right for you.
Key Considerations
- Long-Term Use—Studies show that stopping GLP-1 meds can lead to weight regain.
- Lifestyle Matters—These drugs work best when combined with healthy dietary choices and exercise.
- Cost & Insurance—Some GLP-1 medications can be expensive, and insurance coverage varies.
Bottom Line
New GLP-1 drugs and combination therapies (like tirzepatide, which targets GIP and GLP-1) continue to improve weight loss outcomes. Bariatric procedures have long been the gold standard for treating severe obesity, but GLP-1 medications are quickly becoming a powerful alternative.
As research continues, these diabetes medications are proving to be game changers for obesity management, offering hope to millions struggling with weight loss.
Thinking about trying a GLP-1 agonist for weight loss? Get Started with LookMeds and find your new look.
